Medical terms pertaining White Blood Cells

(1)Neutrophilia:-
Increase in the count of Netrophil granulocytes in the circulating blood. Neutrophils are primary white blood cells that respond to bacterial infections, acute inflammations, such as Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) etc.
Therefore in above cases, Neutrophilia precipitates. Appendicitis can also lead to the same.
Normal neutrophils' count is 40-60% of Total Leukocyte Count.
* Adults : 4,000-10,000/cu mm (µl)
* At birth : 10,000-25,000/cu mm (µl)
* 1 to 3 years : 6,000-18,000/cu mm (µl)
* 4 to 7 years : 6,000-15,000/cu mm (µl)
* 8 to 12 years : 4,500-13,500/cu mm (µl)
Drugs like Prednison (Has effects like cortisol), can bring sequestrated (marginalized) neutrophils to the blood stream.

(2)List of fractions of Total Leukocyte Count (TLC):-
* Neutrophils: 40% to 60%
* Lymphocytes: 20% to 40%
* Monocytes: 2% to 8%
* Eosinophils: 1% to 4%
* Basophils: 0.5% to 1%
* Band (young neutrophil): 0% to 3%

(3) Eosinophilia:-
Increase in Eosinophils from their normal concentration (number) in circulating blood. Normal being 0-0.5 * 1000000000 cells per litre.
Two types-> (A)Reactive (B)Non reactive.
(Release of Interleukin 5 by T-cells, mast cells or macrophages.)
Causes-> NAACCP= Neoplasia, Addison's disease, Allergy/Asthma, Collagen vascular disease, Cholesterol emboli, Parasites.
I should list some major conditions as well, se below:-
Diseases that feature eosinophilia:

* Hypereosinophilic syndrome
* Parasitic infections (intestinal helminthiasis)
* Allergic disorders (including eosinophilic esophagitis)
* Some drug reactions, e.g. DRESS syndrome
* Cholesterol embolization
* Churg-Strauss syndrome
* Some forms of chronic myeloid leukaemia
* Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Gleich's syndrome
* Addison's disease
* Clonorchis sinensis, a type of flatworm
* Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome caused by contaminated tryptophan supplements
* Job's Syndrome caused by increased levels of Immunoglobulin E
* A form of Colitis, eosinophilic colitis.

(4) Lymphocytosis:-
Increase in number or proportion of Lymphocytes, thus absolute and relative in nature. Children less than 2 years of age have physiological relative lymphocytosis. Normal count being 20-40% of TLC in adults.
4000 cells per micro litre in adults
9000 cells per micro litre in infants
7000 cells per micro litre in children above 2 years of age
*Causes of absolute Lymphocytosis:-
- Acute viral infection, such as infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever), Epstein Barr virus infection, hepatitis.
- Other acute infections such as pertusis.
- Some protozoal infections, such as Toxoplasmosis and American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disaease).
- Chronic, intracellular bacterial infections, such as Tuberculosis and Brucellosis; acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

(5) Monocytosis:-
Increase in the number of Monocytes, circulating in the blood stream, above the normal level. Upper limit considered them for is 950cells per micro litre.
*Causes:-
Mainly during chronic infection, sub acute bacterial endocarditis, syphilis, infectious mononucleosis and other viral infections and many protozoal and rickettsial infections (Ex.- Kala Azar, Malaria, Rocky Mountain Spotted fever etc.).
Blood and immune system related causes- Chronic neutropenia, myeloproliferative disorders.
Autoimmune diseases and vasculitis; systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
Malignancies- Hodgekin's disease, certain leukemias, CMML (Chronic Myelomonocytic leukemia. Recovery phase of neutropenia or an acute infection.
Miscellaneous causes: Sarcoidosis, lipid storage disease.

(6) Leukopenia:-
Decrease in the number of white blood cells (leukocytes) found in the blood, which places individuals at an increased risk of infections. Neutropenia is sometimes interchangeably used for Leukopenia, as neutrophils constitute a major portion of the total leukocyte count, specially in adults.
*Causes:-
Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, leukemia, Myelofibrosis, Aplastic anemia, many common medications like immunosuppressives (Sirolimus, Mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, cyclosporin), some interferons, anti depressants and smoking addiction treatment drugs, antibiotics like Minocycline can cause leukopenia.
Other causes can be- Influenza, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Hodgekin's lymphoma, some types of cancers, typhoid, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, rickettsial infections, enlargement of spleen, folate deficiency, psittacosis and sepsis, deficiency of certain minerals like Copper and Zinc.
*Pseudoleukopenia:-
At the onset of the infection leukocytes (mainly neutrophils), get sequestrated (marginalised), responding to injury, so that they can scan the site of the infection, evolving lack of leukocytes in circulating pool of blood.